First, a brief definition of a heat pump helps to understand the key issues. It is a heat engine that extracts heat from outdoor air, underground glycol water or groundwater and restores it to water: these are air/water, salt water/water or water/water heat pumps, except air/air. . Heat pumps can only be heating, reversible or triple heating-cooling-DHW.
At Toshiba Air Conditioning, the entire range of Estia heat pumps will be transitioning to R32 in early 2020 due to the introduction of a triple service solution. ©PP
In fact, two regulations in Europe determined the technological development of heat pumps for many years to come. The first is the European Directive 2009/125/EC, Ecodesign or ErP, and its application regulation No. 813/2013, concerning the “Ecodesign requirements for heating equipment applicable to space heaters and combination heaters”.
In December 2016, Annex XVI to European Regulation 2016/2282 amended Annex IV to Regulation 813/2013 on market surveillance to reduce the possibility of fraud. The revised version of Regulation 813/2013 is due to be finalized in September 2018 and the revised version will be published in 2019. It may be necessary to wait for the new European Commission to take office to see changes in the regulation.
The second impact on the development of heat pump technology has been the fluorinated gases regulation No. 517/2014, which since 2015 allows organizations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from thermal systems used for cooling, air conditioning, heating and domestic hot water production. .
The F-Gas Ordinance is directly responsible for the ongoing shift to lower GWP refrigerants (global warming force or contribution to the greenhouse effect). The impact of these regulations on heat pump design was particularly visible at Interclima 2019, where more than 50 heat pump manufacturers showcased their new solutions.
Almost 80% of the French market is dominated by split heat pumps with hydraulic connection between outdoor and indoor units. The indoor units are available either with a water tank for the production of domestic hot water and a hydraulic kit for one or two heating outlets, or with a heating outlet and a plate heat exchanger for the production of domestic hot water. Most manufacturers, including Toshiba air conditioners, offer both solutions. © Toshiba air conditioning
Among these manufacturers we find the main brands that share the French market: Daikin, Atlantic, Toshiba, Hitachi, Panasonic, Vaillant-Saunier Duval, Samsung, LG, Ciat, etc. We also see boiler specialists expanding their product range heat pumps such as Frisquet, Weishaupt, BDR Thermea or Perge. In addition, there are contenders such as Aermec, Airwell, Clivet, Amzair, Gree Products France, MTA, Argoclima and six Chinese brands such as PHNX heat pump.
The products of all these manufacturers show common trends. The Ecodesign Directive and its implementation rules emphasize seasonal characteristics, considering performance throughout the year based on typical operating conditions. This prompted manufacturers to increase generator capacity at partial loads.
For heat pumps, this has led to the spread of inverter control, which was highlighted at Interclima 2019. An inverter is a change in the frequency of the current feeding the compressor motor in order to obtain a change in compressor speed and therefore a change in the power recovered by the heat pump.
Inverters are ultimately cheaper and more efficient than the tiered power variation achieved by using multiple compressors of different sizes in a heat pump, benefiting everything from household machines to the largest three-stage heat pumps.
The Atlantic Isilia R32 heat pump will receive an A+++ rating for R32 heating. It will be an all-in-one heat pump with water connection to an internal hydronic module. The Alfea Extensa Duo AI R32 version shown below will be a split heat pump with three functions and integrated DHW production. ©PP
Then, for domestic models of heat pumps up to 20 kW, R32 is required in all products of the Asian manufacturer. R32 classified A2L (highly flammable) and GWP 675 cannot be considered as a liquid of the future, but only as a transitional liquid, on the way to an average GWP of 400 in 2030 tracked by the F-Gas Regulation.
However, the pressure from the Asian industry to support R32 is so strong that the only question the market can ask is how long it will take to switch to other much lower GWP fluids: 5 years, 10 years? Only a few European manufacturers, including small French company Amzair and giant Vaillant-Saunier Duval, have chosen to skip the transition to R32 and go straight to R290 (propane, GWP=3), which is not subject to F-Gaz regulations. because it has a very low GWP and is a natural liquid.
But the main lesson of Interclima 2019 was that quite a few manufacturers launched new R410A models in 2019, which will go on sale in 2020. Whether it’s a Hitachi home heat pump or BDR Thermea or Panasonic or a heavy duty Hitachi heat pump for the service industry, R410A is still the fluid of choice for new machines.
However, even if some manufacturers claim that “R410A will last forever”, its very high GWP of 2088 compared to the average of 400 that the installed base will reach in 2030, the exact opposite indicates that its global shortage accelerate next year. from 5 to 10 years.
At Interclima 2019, manufacturers introducing new R410A domestic heat pump models announced R32 solutions in 2020 or 2021. So far, Hitachi has demonstrated 3 R32 air/water heat pumps, each with 3 capacities – single-phase 4.3, 6 and 8 kW – reversible Yutaki S, reversible Yutaki S combi + DHW production via tank of 200 or 260 liters, as well as reversible Yutaki S Solar. The Combi produces hot water through a 260 liter water tank connected to thermal solar panels.
Larger Hitachi domestic heat pumps from 11 to 24 kW are currently only available with R410A refrigerant. The Yutaki S80 even has two cascade compressors, one running on R410A and the other on R134a (GWP = 1430). But these more powerful machines should switch to R32 no later than 2021. ©PP
Daikin, which used the same R410A/R134a cascade architecture in its previous high temperature domestic heat pumps, has introduced its new Daikin 3 H HT machine to Interclima with a completely different technology. The unitary water source heat pump has been replaced with the R32 and has a new compressor with dual vapor and liquid re-injection. The compressor operates at pressures up to 56 bar. The brand new Daikin 3 H HT can reach water temperatures of 70°C without the use of resistors. It will be available in 14, 16 and 18kW at 230V and 400V in 2020, apparently for the repair and replacement of oil-fired boilers. Daikin claims a sound pressure of only 31 dB(A) at 5 m. ©PP
Saunier Duval showcased a new heat pump still using R410A. In 2021, he should switch to another fluid, not necessarily R32. ©PP
Over 80% of the French heat pump market is dominated by split systems: the connection between the outdoor evaporator and the indoor condenser is fluid. Among the liquids used in domestic heat pumps, the introduction of R32 class A2L (flammable) and R290 class A3 (flammable) will no doubt dampen bibloc’s enthusiasm.
A one-piece air/water solution, with all the fluid in the outdoor unit, would increase the number of water connections to the indoor hydraulic module, as it would be easier for the plant to not have A2L or A3 fluid inside.
Vaillant also introduced Interclima aroTHERM plus, its new air-to-water heat pump based on this new concept. This is a monobloc heat pump with water connected to the indoor unit, single or double acting, using natural refrigerant R290. R290 is known for its excellent thermodynamic properties, which allow aroTHERM plus to reach outlet water temperatures of up to 75°C without additional resistance.
As a high temperature heat pump, it is specially designed for the modernization and replacement of oil fired boilers, and its sound pressure of 32 dB(A) at a distance of 5 meters is an advantage. aroTHERM plus is developed with at least 24 technical patents, has very good thermal performance, ERP class A++ and COP above 5.
The Vaillant R290 heat pumps will be manufactured at the historic Saunier Duval plant in Nantes. The latter considers its Nantes plant to be the leading outdoor heat pump plant in France. The manufacturer promises that spare parts for its heat pumps will be available for 15 years after being discontinued. And outstanding acoustic performance: 33 dB(A) at a distance of 5 meters. ©PP
As for Atlantic, R32 is used in all models of its new Alfea Extensa heat pumps from 5 to 10 kW. Switching from R410A to R32 significantly reduced the fluid load from 1.1 kg for R410A to 250 g for R32 with a 15 meter connection. The new R32 was awarded in the energy efficiency category, rising from A+ to A++ at 55°C. Expected by 2021, Atlantic’s future Evalia Duo heat pumps will operate in two-stream and three-stream modes and will use R32.
Another notable development at Interclima 2019 was that almost all new domestic heat pumps were reversible. The continuous summer, marked by several heat waves, has increased the need for cooling. Climate experts predict that heatwaves in France will become more frequent and intense over the next 15 years, confirming the industry view that the refrigeration market will grow.
As such, the show saw a surge in triple-use home heat pumps (heating, cooling and hot water) from Atlantic, Daikin, Toshiba, Hitachi and others. However, the technology of these heat pumps remains “traditional”. ‘: When operating in cooling mode, they cannot bypass the outdoor air condenser to recover heat extracted from the house to produce domestic hot water, start the cycle, and cannot produce DHW in cooling.
Reversible radiators are needed for cooling. Atlantic has an interesting idea for innovation. It combines a reversible salt water/water heat pump with a layer of pipes buried outside, called Split 3S, a new ultra-thin heating and cooling ceiling.
The latter will work according to the water law at 27/22°C when heated, which will increase the efficiency of the heat pump. For cooling, the Split 3S heat pump will be able to bypass its compressor and exchange heat directly with the underground glycol water loop, a type of geo-free cooling.
Daikin has introduced its new FWXV-AT console fan coil capable of heating and cooling, especially for the domestic market. Samsung has shown off its new R32 monobloc heat pump with plumbing connection to avoid the restrictions placed on its fluid certification.
The future Atlantic Split S3 triple-use heat pump will be equipped with R32 and will be linked to a very inert heating-cooling ceiling for summer comfort. ©PP
Global deals for heat pumps + photovoltaic panels for own use have started to appear on LG, above Panasonic. LG and Panasonic manufacture photovoltaic panels and heat pumps. Daikin has partnered with Dualsun to develop the ECH2O Sun solution, which uses Dualsun’s hybrid thermal and photovoltaic solar panels. ©PP
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