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You wouldn’t guess that 19th-century technology might just be the key to sustainable heating and cooling for people around the world, but it’s true (via the British Renewable Energy Centre). The heat pump as we know it was invented in 1852 and the first systems were designed and built between 1855 and 1857.
Then, as today, a heat pump converts the heat trapped in the air outside a building to cool or heat the building. Heat pumps operate according to a fundamental principle of physics: all matter has thermal energy (i.e. thermal energy) (via the Science and Education Center). When a substance is heated, the particles inside it become excited and begin to move faster and faster. This is why hotter objects bounce more particles than colder ones. Heat pumps use this fact to move hotter particles to cooler places, cooling or warming the indoor air.
Of all the HVAC options available to consumers today, heat pumps are considered the most economical, not to mention efficient, affordable heating and cooling systems. Because they run on electricity, 22% of which comes from sustainable alternative energy sources such as solar and wind, they cut greenhouse gas emissions and save you hard-earned money, according to The Hill.
There are generally two types of heat pumps, one of which in your home or office could be an air source heat pump (via Carrier). These popular models transfer heat from inside to outside and vice versa, depending on the setting. The use of electricity to mechanically transfer heat is a relatively new development, but humans have been using geothermal heat for thousands of years (according to the UK’s Renewable Energy Centre). In addition, people in Europe and China have used the heat of local hot springs for hundreds of years to heat their interiors.
Geothermal heat pumps, also known as geothermal heat pumps, are the modern incarnation of this ancient technology. The UK Renewable Energy Center explained that above ground pumps are often more expensive to install due to the extensive excavation work that needs to be done to place the coils in the ground. However, because ground temperatures remain stable throughout the year, ground source heat pumps are more efficient because they use less electricity to operate than air source heat pumps.
Other technologies include hybrid heat pumps, absorption heat pumps, and small ductless split heat pumps, all of which operate on similar principles but differ in scale and heat source.
In cooling mode, the heat pump works exactly like a traditional air conditioner, lowering the ambient temperature, extracting heat from the air in the house and pushing it outside (through the medium). Because heat always flows to colder areas, heat pumps combine heat with colder material (liquid refrigerant) that can be pressurized and depressurized so that it can be easily pumped. Heat is transferred from the inside to the outside.
The indoor air passes through the internal heat pump coil containing the liquid refrigerant. Heat is naturally transferred from the air to the refrigerant, and the cold air is now blown back in. The refrigerant, heated by the heat of the room air, is pumped into an expansion valve that acts as an evaporator. The increase in heat and pressure turns the refrigerant into a gas, which is then forced through the compressor, increasing pressure and heat. The gas is then fed into the outdoor heat pump coil.
Because the heat inside the compressed gas refrigerant is colder than the outside air, heat is absorbed by the refrigerant from the atmosphere. The pressure of the refrigerant then increases to push the hot air out, where it condenses into a cooler liquid that forces cooler air into the home. The cycle continues in this way.
No matter how cold it is outside, there is always some heat in the air that is warmer than the liquid refrigerant inside a heat pump (via Energy Star). To heat a given area, the heat pump switches the heating process to room air rather than extracting it, Carrier explained. To do this, simply pump the refrigerant through both coils, but in opposite directions. During the journey, the heat extracted from outside is transferred to the refrigerant and blown into your home by a fan inside the heat pump.
Even compared to other forms of electric heating, such as baseboard heating or resistance stoves, heat pumps use about half the electricity, according to the US Department of Energy. This is because heat pumps don’t need to use energy and resources to generate heat like traditional furnaces do – they can transfer heat from one environment to another simply and efficiently.
Because heat pumps are more popular in warmer regions, there’s a common myth that they don’t operate below 32 degrees F during the winter months (via Carrier and Efficiency First California). Paired with an economizer stove, the heat pump becomes a dual fuel system that only runs on the coldest days, meaning no matter where you live, a heat pump is a great choice for your HVAC needs.
Heat pumps also work well with photovoltaic cells, commonly known as solar panels. These connected devices allow solar heat to regulate indoor temperatures and even heat water in kitchens, bathrooms and pools. According to the nonprofit organization Efficiency First California, experts believe that heat pumps powered by solar panels and batteries that store energy in homes are the zero-emission standard for future home energy. Thus, a heat pump in your home can play a key role in combating the climate crisis.